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                    Introduction
            
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                    快速上手
            
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                    5分钟了解TypeScript
            
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                    ASP.NET Core
            
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                    ASP.NET 4
            
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                    Gulp
            
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                    Knockout.js
            
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                    React与webpack
            
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                    React
            
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                    Angular 2
            
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                    从JavaScript迁移到TypeScript
            
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                    手册
            
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                    基础类型
            
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                    变量声明
            
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                    接口
            
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                    类
            
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                    函数
            
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                    泛型
            
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                    枚举
            
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                    类型推论
            
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                    类型兼容性
            
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                    高级类型
            
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                    实用工具类型
            
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                    Symbols
            
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                    Iterators 和 Generators
            
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                    模块
            
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                    命名空间
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.16" data-path="Namespaces and Modules.html">
            
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                    命名空间和模块
            
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                    模块解析
            
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                    声明合并
            
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                    书写.d.ts文件
            
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                    JSX
            
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                    Decorators
            
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                    混入
            
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                    三斜线指令
            
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                    JavaScript文件里的类型检查
            
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                    如何书写声明文件
            
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                    结构
            
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                    规范
            
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                <a href="declaration files/By Example.html">
            
                    
                    举例
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.4" data-path="declaration files/Deep Dive.html">
            
                <a href="declaration files/Deep Dive.html">
            
                    
                    深入
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.5" data-path="declaration files/Publishing.html">
            
                <a href="declaration files/Publishing.html">
            
                    
                    发布
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.6" data-path="declaration files/Consumption.html">
            
                <a href="declaration files/Consumption.html">
            
                    
                    使用
            
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            </ul>
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.5" data-path="tsconfig.json.html">
            
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                    工程配置
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.1" data-path="tsconfig.json.html">
            
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                    tsconfig.json
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.2" data-path="Project References.html">
            
                <a href="Project References.html">
            
                    
                    工程引用
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.3" data-path="Typings for NPM Packages.html">
            
                <a href="Typings for NPM Packages.html">
            
                    
                    NPM包的类型
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.4" data-path="Compiler Options.html">
            
                <a href="Compiler Options.html">
            
                    
                    编译选项
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.5" data-path="Configuring Watch.html">
            
                <a href="Configuring Watch.html">
            
                    
                    配置 Watch
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.6" data-path="Compiler Options in MSBuild.html">
            
                <a href="Compiler Options in MSBuild.html">
            
                    
                    在MSBuild里使用编译选项
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.7" data-path="Integrating with Build Tools.html">
            
                <a href="Integrating with Build Tools.html">
            
                    
                    与其它构建工具整合
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.5.8" data-path="Nightly Builds.html">
            
                <a href="Nightly Builds.html">
            
                    
                    使用TypeScript的每日构建版本
            
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            </ul>
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.6" data-path="../wiki/">
            
                <a href="../wiki/">
            
                    
                    Wiki
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.6.1" data-path="../wiki/this-in-TypeScript.html">
            
                <a href="../wiki/this-in-TypeScript.html">
            
                    
                    TypeScript里的this
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.6.2" data-path="../wiki/coding_guidelines.html">
            
                <a href="../wiki/coding_guidelines.html">
            
                    
                    编码规范
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.6.3" data-path="../wiki/Common Errors.html">
            
                <a href="../wiki/Common Errors.html">
            
                    
                    常见编译错误
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.6.4" data-path="../wiki/TypeScript-Editor-Support.html">
            
                <a href="../wiki/TypeScript-Editor-Support.html">
            
                    
                    支持TypeScript的编辑器
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.6.5" data-path="../wiki/Using-TypeScript-With-ASP.NET-5.html">
            
                <a href="../wiki/Using-TypeScript-With-ASP.NET-5.html">
            
                    
                    结合ASP.NET v5使用TypeScript
            
                </a>
            

            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.6.6" data-path="../wiki/Architectural-Overview.html">
            
                <a href="../wiki/Architectural-Overview.html">
            
                    
                    架构概述
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.6.7" data-path="../wiki/Roadmap.html">
            
                <a href="../wiki/Roadmap.html">
            
                    
                    发展路线图
            
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        </li>
    

            </ul>
            
        </li>
    
        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.7" data-path="../release-notes/">
            
                <a href="../release-notes/">
            
                    
                    新增功能
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.7.1" data-path="../release-notes/TypeScript 3.1.html">
            
                <a href="../release-notes/TypeScript 3.1.html">
            
                    
                    TypeScript 3.1
            
                </a>
            

            
        </li>
    
        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.7.2" data-path="../release-notes/TypeScript 3.0.html">
            
                <a href="../release-notes/TypeScript 3.0.html">
            
                    
                    TypeScript 3.0
            
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        </li>
    
        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.7.3" data-path="../release-notes/TypeScript 2.9.html">
            
                <a href="../release-notes/TypeScript 2.9.html">
            
                    
                    TypeScript 2.9
            
                </a>
            

            
        </li>
    
        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.7.4" data-path="../release-notes/TypeScript 2.8.html">
            
                <a href="../release-notes/TypeScript 2.8.html">
            
                    
                    TypeScript 2.8
            
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        </li>
    
        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.7.5" data-path="../release-notes/TypeScript 2.7.html">
            
                <a href="../release-notes/TypeScript 2.7.html">
            
                    
                    TypeScript 2.7
            
                </a>
            

            
        </li>
    
        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.7.6" data-path="../release-notes/TypeScript 2.6.html">
            
                <a href="../release-notes/TypeScript 2.6.html">
            
                    
                    TypeScript 2.6
            
                </a>
            

            
        </li>
    
        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.7.7" data-path="../release-notes/TypeScript 2.5.html">
            
                <a href="../release-notes/TypeScript 2.5.html">
            
                    
                    TypeScript 2.5
            
                </a>
            

            
        </li>
    
        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.7.8" data-path="../release-notes/TypeScript 2.4.html">
            
                <a href="../release-notes/TypeScript 2.4.html">
            
                    
                    TypeScript 2.4
            
                </a>
            

            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.7.9" data-path="../release-notes/TypeScript 2.3.html">
            
                <a href="../release-notes/TypeScript 2.3.html">
            
                    
                    TypeScript 2.3
            
                </a>
            

            
        </li>
    
        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.7.10" data-path="../release-notes/TypeScript 2.2.html">
            
                <a href="../release-notes/TypeScript 2.2.html">
            
                    
                    TypeScript 2.2
            
                </a>
            

            
        </li>
    
        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.7.11" data-path="../release-notes/TypeScript 2.1.html">
            
                <a href="../release-notes/TypeScript 2.1.html">
            
                    
                    TypeScript 2.1
            
                </a>
            

            
        </li>
    
        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.7.12" data-path="../release-notes/TypeScript 2.0.html">
            
                <a href="../release-notes/TypeScript 2.0.html">
            
                    
                    TypeScript 2.0
            
                </a>
            

            
        </li>
    
        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.7.13" data-path="../release-notes/TypeScript 1.8.html">
            
                <a href="../release-notes/TypeScript 1.8.html">
            
                    
                    TypeScript 1.8
            
                </a>
            

            
        </li>
    
        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.7.14" data-path="../release-notes/TypeScript 1.7.html">
            
                <a href="../release-notes/TypeScript 1.7.html">
            
                    
                    TypeScript 1.7
            
                </a>
            

            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.7.15" data-path="../release-notes/TypeScript 1.6.html">
            
                <a href="../release-notes/TypeScript 1.6.html">
            
                    
                    TypeScript 1.6
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.7.16" data-path="../release-notes/TypeScript 1.5.html">
            
                <a href="../release-notes/TypeScript 1.5.html">
            
                    
                    TypeScript 1.5
            
                </a>
            

            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.7.17" data-path="../release-notes/TypeScript 1.4.html">
            
                <a href="../release-notes/TypeScript 1.4.html">
            
                    
                    TypeScript 1.4
            
                </a>
            

            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.7.18" data-path="../release-notes/TypeScript 1.3.html">
            
                <a href="../release-notes/TypeScript 1.3.html">
            
                    
                    TypeScript 1.3
            
                </a>
            

            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.7.19" data-path="../release-notes/TypeScript 1.1.html">
            
                <a href="../release-notes/TypeScript 1.1.html">
            
                    
                    TypeScript 1.1
            
                </a>
            

            
        </li>
    

            </ul>
            
        </li>
    
        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.8" data-path="../breaking-changes/breaking-changes.html">
            
                <a href="../breaking-changes/breaking-changes.html">
            
                    
                    Breaking Changes
            
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            <ul class="articles">
                
    
        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.8.1" data-path="../breaking-changes/TypeScript 2.4.html">
            
                <a href="../breaking-changes/TypeScript 2.4.html">
            
                    
                    TypeScript 2.4
            
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        </li>
    
        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.8.2" data-path="../breaking-changes/TypeScript 2.3.html">
            
                <a href="../breaking-changes/TypeScript 2.3.html">
            
                    
                    TypeScript 2.3
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.8.3" data-path="../breaking-changes/TypeScript 2.2.html">
            
                <a href="../breaking-changes/TypeScript 2.2.html">
            
                    
                    TypeScript 2.2
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.8.4" data-path="../breaking-changes/TypeScript 2.1.html">
            
                <a href="../breaking-changes/TypeScript 2.1.html">
            
                    
                    TypeScript 2.1
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.8.5" data-path="../breaking-changes/TypeScript 2.0.html">
            
                <a href="../breaking-changes/TypeScript 2.0.html">
            
                    
                    TypeScript 2.0
            
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        </li>
    
        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.8.6" data-path="../breaking-changes/TypeScript 1.8.html">
            
                <a href="../breaking-changes/TypeScript 1.8.html">
            
                    
                    TypeScript 1.8
            
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        </li>
    
        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.8.7" data-path="../breaking-changes/TypeScript 1.7.html">
            
                <a href="../breaking-changes/TypeScript 1.7.html">
            
                    
                    TypeScript 1.7
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.8.8" data-path="../breaking-changes/TypeScript 1.6.html">
            
                <a href="../breaking-changes/TypeScript 1.6.html">
            
                    
                    TypeScript 1.6
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.8.9" data-path="../breaking-changes/TypeScript 1.5.html">
            
                <a href="../breaking-changes/TypeScript 1.5.html">
            
                    
                    TypeScript 1.5
            
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                                <section class="normal markdown-section">
                                
                                <blockquote>
<p><strong>&#x5173;&#x4E8E;&#x672F;&#x8BED;&#x7684;&#x4E00;&#x70B9;&#x8BF4;&#x660E;:</strong>
&#x8BF7;&#x52A1;&#x5FC5;&#x6CE8;&#x610F;&#x4E00;&#x70B9;&#xFF0C;TypeScript 1.5&#x91CC;&#x672F;&#x8BED;&#x540D;&#x5DF2;&#x7ECF;&#x53D1;&#x751F;&#x4E86;&#x53D8;&#x5316;&#x3002;
&#x201C;&#x5185;&#x90E8;&#x6A21;&#x5757;&#x201D;&#x73B0;&#x5728;&#x79F0;&#x505A;&#x201C;&#x547D;&#x540D;&#x7A7A;&#x95F4;&#x201D;&#x3002;
&#x201C;&#x5916;&#x90E8;&#x6A21;&#x5757;&#x201D;&#x73B0;&#x5728;&#x5219;&#x7B80;&#x79F0;&#x4E3A;&#x201C;&#x6A21;&#x5757;&#x201D;&#xFF0C;&#x8FD9;&#x662F;&#x4E3A;&#x4E86;&#x4E0E;<a href="http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/6.0/" target="_blank">ECMAScript 2015</a>&#x91CC;&#x7684;&#x672F;&#x8BED;&#x4FDD;&#x6301;&#x4E00;&#x81F4;&#xFF0C;(&#x4E5F;&#x5C31;&#x662F;&#x8BF4; <code>module X {</code> &#x76F8;&#x5F53;&#x4E8E;&#x73B0;&#x5728;&#x63A8;&#x8350;&#x7684;&#x5199;&#x6CD5; <code>namespace X {</code>)&#x3002;</p>
</blockquote>
<h1 id="&#x4ECB;&#x7ECD;">&#x4ECB;&#x7ECD;</h1>
<p>&#x8FD9;&#x7BC7;&#x6587;&#x7AE0;&#x63CF;&#x8FF0;&#x4E86;&#x5982;&#x4F55;&#x5728;TypeScript&#x91CC;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x547D;&#x540D;&#x7A7A;&#x95F4;&#xFF08;&#x4E4B;&#x524D;&#x53EB;&#x505A;&#x201C;&#x5185;&#x90E8;&#x6A21;&#x5757;&#x201D;&#xFF09;&#x6765;&#x7EC4;&#x7EC7;&#x4F60;&#x7684;&#x4EE3;&#x7801;&#x3002;
&#x5C31;&#x50CF;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x5728;&#x672F;&#x8BED;&#x8BF4;&#x660E;&#x91CC;&#x63D0;&#x5230;&#x7684;&#x90A3;&#x6837;&#xFF0C;&#x201C;&#x5185;&#x90E8;&#x6A21;&#x5757;&#x201D;&#x73B0;&#x5728;&#x53EB;&#x505A;&#x201C;&#x547D;&#x540D;&#x7A7A;&#x95F4;&#x201D;&#x3002;
&#x53E6;&#x5916;&#xFF0C;&#x4EFB;&#x4F55;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;<code>module</code>&#x5173;&#x952E;&#x5B57;&#x6765;&#x58F0;&#x660E;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x5185;&#x90E8;&#x6A21;&#x5757;&#x7684;&#x5730;&#x65B9;&#x90FD;&#x5E94;&#x8BE5;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;<code>namespace</code>&#x5173;&#x952E;&#x5B57;&#x6765;&#x66FF;&#x6362;&#x3002;
&#x8FD9;&#x5C31;&#x907F;&#x514D;&#x4E86;&#x8BA9;&#x65B0;&#x7684;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x8005;&#x88AB;&#x76F8;&#x4F3C;&#x7684;&#x540D;&#x79F0;&#x6240;&#x8FF7;&#x60D1;&#x3002;</p>
<h1 id="&#x7B2C;&#x4E00;&#x6B65;">&#x7B2C;&#x4E00;&#x6B65;</h1>
<p>&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x5148;&#x6765;&#x5199;&#x4E00;&#x6BB5;&#x7A0B;&#x5E8F;&#x5E76;&#x5C06;&#x5728;&#x6574;&#x7BC7;&#x6587;&#x7AE0;&#x4E2D;&#x90FD;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x8FD9;&#x4E2A;&#x4F8B;&#x5B50;&#x3002;
&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x5B9A;&#x4E49;&#x51E0;&#x4E2A;&#x7B80;&#x5355;&#x7684;&#x5B57;&#x7B26;&#x4E32;&#x9A8C;&#x8BC1;&#x5668;&#xFF0C;&#x5047;&#x8BBE;&#x4F60;&#x4F1A;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x5B83;&#x4EEC;&#x6765;&#x9A8C;&#x8BC1;&#x8868;&#x5355;&#x91CC;&#x7684;&#x7528;&#x6237;&#x8F93;&#x5165;&#x6216;&#x9A8C;&#x8BC1;&#x5916;&#x90E8;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x3002;</p>
<h2 id="&#x6240;&#x6709;&#x7684;&#x9A8C;&#x8BC1;&#x5668;&#x90FD;&#x653E;&#x5728;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x91CC;">&#x6240;&#x6709;&#x7684;&#x9A8C;&#x8BC1;&#x5668;&#x90FD;&#x653E;&#x5728;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x91CC;</h2>
<pre><code class="lang-ts"><span class="hljs-keyword">interface</span> StringValidator {
    isAcceptable(s: <span class="hljs-built_in">string</span>): <span class="hljs-built_in">boolean</span>;
}

<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> lettersRegexp = <span class="hljs-regexp">/^[A-Za-z]+$/</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> numberRegexp = <span class="hljs-regexp">/^[0-9]+$/</span>;

<span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> LettersOnlyValidator <span class="hljs-keyword">implements</span> StringValidator {
    isAcceptable(s: <span class="hljs-built_in">string</span>) {
        <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> lettersRegexp.test(s);
    }
}

<span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> ZipCodeValidator <span class="hljs-keyword">implements</span> StringValidator {
    isAcceptable(s: <span class="hljs-built_in">string</span>) {
        <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> s.length === <span class="hljs-number">5</span> &amp;&amp; numberRegexp.test(s);
    }
}

<span class="hljs-comment">// Some samples to try</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> strings = [<span class="hljs-string">&quot;Hello&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;98052&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;101&quot;</span>];

<span class="hljs-comment">// Validators to use</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> validators: { [s: <span class="hljs-built_in">string</span>]: StringValidator; } = {};
validators[<span class="hljs-string">&quot;ZIP code&quot;</span>] = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> ZipCodeValidator();
validators[<span class="hljs-string">&quot;Letters only&quot;</span>] = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> LettersOnlyValidator();

<span class="hljs-comment">// Show whether each string passed each validator</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> (<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> s of strings) {
    <span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> (<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> name <span class="hljs-keyword">in</span> validators) {
        <span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> isMatch = validators[name].isAcceptable(s);
        <span class="hljs-built_in">console</span>.log(<span class="hljs-string">`&apos;<span class="hljs-subst">${ s }</span>&apos; <span class="hljs-subst">${ isMatch ? &quot;matches&quot; : &quot;does not match&quot; }</span> &apos;<span class="hljs-subst">${ name }</span>&apos;.`</span>);
    }
}
</code></pre>
<h1 id="&#x547D;&#x540D;&#x7A7A;&#x95F4;">&#x547D;&#x540D;&#x7A7A;&#x95F4;</h1>
<p>&#x968F;&#x7740;&#x66F4;&#x591A;&#x9A8C;&#x8BC1;&#x5668;&#x7684;&#x52A0;&#x5165;&#xFF0C;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x9700;&#x8981;&#x4E00;&#x79CD;&#x624B;&#x6BB5;&#x6765;&#x7EC4;&#x7EC7;&#x4EE3;&#x7801;&#xFF0C;&#x4EE5;&#x4FBF;&#x4E8E;&#x5728;&#x8BB0;&#x5F55;&#x5B83;&#x4EEC;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#x7684;&#x540C;&#x65F6;&#x8FD8;&#x4E0D;&#x7528;&#x62C5;&#x5FC3;&#x4E0E;&#x5176;&#x5B83;&#x5BF9;&#x8C61;&#x4EA7;&#x751F;&#x547D;&#x540D;&#x51B2;&#x7A81;&#x3002;
&#x56E0;&#x6B64;&#xFF0C;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x628A;&#x9A8C;&#x8BC1;&#x5668;&#x5305;&#x88F9;&#x5230;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x547D;&#x540D;&#x7A7A;&#x95F4;&#x5185;&#xFF0C;&#x800C;&#x4E0D;&#x662F;&#x628A;&#x5B83;&#x4EEC;&#x653E;&#x5728;&#x5168;&#x5C40;&#x547D;&#x540D;&#x7A7A;&#x95F4;&#x4E0B;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x4E0B;&#x9762;&#x7684;&#x4F8B;&#x5B50;&#x91CC;&#xFF0C;&#x628A;&#x6240;&#x6709;&#x4E0E;&#x9A8C;&#x8BC1;&#x5668;&#x76F8;&#x5173;&#x7684;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#x90FD;&#x653E;&#x5230;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x53EB;&#x505A;<code>Validation</code>&#x7684;&#x547D;&#x540D;&#x7A7A;&#x95F4;&#x91CC;&#x3002;
&#x56E0;&#x4E3A;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x60F3;&#x8BA9;&#x8FD9;&#x4E9B;&#x63A5;&#x53E3;&#x548C;&#x7C7B;&#x5728;&#x547D;&#x540D;&#x7A7A;&#x95F4;&#x4E4B;&#x5916;&#x4E5F;&#x662F;&#x53EF;&#x8BBF;&#x95EE;&#x7684;&#xFF0C;&#x6240;&#x4EE5;&#x9700;&#x8981;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;<code>export</code>&#x3002;
&#x76F8;&#x53CD;&#x7684;&#xFF0C;&#x53D8;&#x91CF;<code>lettersRegexp</code>&#x548C;<code>numberRegexp</code>&#x662F;&#x5B9E;&#x73B0;&#x7684;&#x7EC6;&#x8282;&#xFF0C;&#x4E0D;&#x9700;&#x8981;&#x5BFC;&#x51FA;&#xFF0C;&#x56E0;&#x6B64;&#x5B83;&#x4EEC;&#x5728;&#x547D;&#x540D;&#x7A7A;&#x95F4;&#x5916;&#x662F;&#x4E0D;&#x80FD;&#x8BBF;&#x95EE;&#x7684;&#x3002;
&#x5728;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x672B;&#x5C3E;&#x7684;&#x6D4B;&#x8BD5;&#x4EE3;&#x7801;&#x91CC;&#xFF0C;&#x7531;&#x4E8E;&#x662F;&#x5728;&#x547D;&#x540D;&#x7A7A;&#x95F4;&#x4E4B;&#x5916;&#x8BBF;&#x95EE;&#xFF0C;&#x56E0;&#x6B64;&#x9700;&#x8981;&#x9650;&#x5B9A;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#x7684;&#x540D;&#x79F0;&#xFF0C;&#x6BD4;&#x5982;<code>Validation.LettersOnlyValidator</code>&#x3002;</p>
<h2 id="&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x547D;&#x540D;&#x7A7A;&#x95F4;&#x7684;&#x9A8C;&#x8BC1;&#x5668;">&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x547D;&#x540D;&#x7A7A;&#x95F4;&#x7684;&#x9A8C;&#x8BC1;&#x5668;</h2>
<pre><code class="lang-ts"><span class="hljs-keyword">namespace</span> Validation {
    <span class="hljs-keyword">export</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">interface</span> StringValidator {
        isAcceptable(s: <span class="hljs-built_in">string</span>): <span class="hljs-built_in">boolean</span>;
    }

    <span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> lettersRegexp = <span class="hljs-regexp">/^[A-Za-z]+$/</span>;
    <span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> numberRegexp = <span class="hljs-regexp">/^[0-9]+$/</span>;

    <span class="hljs-keyword">export</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> LettersOnlyValidator <span class="hljs-keyword">implements</span> StringValidator {
        isAcceptable(s: <span class="hljs-built_in">string</span>) {
            <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> lettersRegexp.test(s);
        }
    }

    <span class="hljs-keyword">export</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> ZipCodeValidator <span class="hljs-keyword">implements</span> StringValidator {
        isAcceptable(s: <span class="hljs-built_in">string</span>) {
            <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> s.length === <span class="hljs-number">5</span> &amp;&amp; numberRegexp.test(s);
        }
    }
}

<span class="hljs-comment">// Some samples to try</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> strings = [<span class="hljs-string">&quot;Hello&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;98052&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;101&quot;</span>];

<span class="hljs-comment">// Validators to use</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> validators: { [s: <span class="hljs-built_in">string</span>]: Validation.StringValidator; } = {};
validators[<span class="hljs-string">&quot;ZIP code&quot;</span>] = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Validation.ZipCodeValidator();
validators[<span class="hljs-string">&quot;Letters only&quot;</span>] = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Validation.LettersOnlyValidator();

<span class="hljs-comment">// Show whether each string passed each validator</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> (<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> s of strings) {
    <span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> (<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> name <span class="hljs-keyword">in</span> validators) {
        <span class="hljs-built_in">console</span>.log(<span class="hljs-string">`&quot;<span class="hljs-subst">${ s }</span>&quot; - <span class="hljs-subst">${ validators[name].isAcceptable(s) ? &quot;matches&quot; : &quot;does not match&quot; }</span> <span class="hljs-subst">${ name }</span>`</span>);
    }
}
</code></pre>
<h1 id="&#x5206;&#x79BB;&#x5230;&#x591A;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;">&#x5206;&#x79BB;&#x5230;&#x591A;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;</h1>
<p>&#x5F53;&#x5E94;&#x7528;&#x53D8;&#x5F97;&#x8D8A;&#x6765;&#x8D8A;&#x5927;&#x65F6;&#xFF0C;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x9700;&#x8981;&#x5C06;&#x4EE3;&#x7801;&#x5206;&#x79BB;&#x5230;&#x4E0D;&#x540C;&#x7684;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x4E2D;&#x4EE5;&#x4FBF;&#x4E8E;&#x7EF4;&#x62A4;&#x3002;</p>
<h2 id="&#x591A;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x4E2D;&#x7684;&#x547D;&#x540D;&#x7A7A;&#x95F4;">&#x591A;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x4E2D;&#x7684;&#x547D;&#x540D;&#x7A7A;&#x95F4;</h2>
<p>&#x73B0;&#x5728;&#xFF0C;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x628A;<code>Validation</code>&#x547D;&#x540D;&#x7A7A;&#x95F4;&#x5206;&#x5272;&#x6210;&#x591A;&#x4E2A;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x3002;
&#x5C3D;&#x7BA1;&#x662F;&#x4E0D;&#x540C;&#x7684;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#xFF0C;&#x5B83;&#x4EEC;&#x4ECD;&#x662F;&#x540C;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x547D;&#x540D;&#x7A7A;&#x95F4;&#xFF0C;&#x5E76;&#x4E14;&#x5728;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x7684;&#x65F6;&#x5019;&#x5C31;&#x5982;&#x540C;&#x5B83;&#x4EEC;&#x5728;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x4E2D;&#x5B9A;&#x4E49;&#x7684;&#x4E00;&#x6837;&#x3002;
&#x56E0;&#x4E3A;&#x4E0D;&#x540C;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x4E4B;&#x95F4;&#x5B58;&#x5728;&#x4F9D;&#x8D56;&#x5173;&#x7CFB;&#xFF0C;&#x6240;&#x4EE5;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x52A0;&#x5165;&#x4E86;&#x5F15;&#x7528;&#x6807;&#x7B7E;&#x6765;&#x544A;&#x8BC9;&#x7F16;&#x8BD1;&#x5668;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x4E4B;&#x95F4;&#x7684;&#x5173;&#x8054;&#x3002;
&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x7684;&#x6D4B;&#x8BD5;&#x4EE3;&#x7801;&#x4FDD;&#x6301;&#x4E0D;&#x53D8;&#x3002;</p>
<h5 id="validationts">Validation.ts</h5>
<pre><code class="lang-ts"><span class="hljs-keyword">namespace</span> Validation {
    <span class="hljs-keyword">export</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">interface</span> StringValidator {
        isAcceptable(s: <span class="hljs-built_in">string</span>): <span class="hljs-built_in">boolean</span>;
    }
}
</code></pre>
<h5 id="lettersonlyvalidatorts">LettersOnlyValidator.ts</h5>
<pre><code class="lang-ts"><span class="hljs-comment">/// &lt;reference path=&quot;Validation.ts&quot; /&gt;</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">namespace</span> Validation {
    <span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> lettersRegexp = <span class="hljs-regexp">/^[A-Za-z]+$/</span>;
    <span class="hljs-keyword">export</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> LettersOnlyValidator <span class="hljs-keyword">implements</span> StringValidator {
        isAcceptable(s: <span class="hljs-built_in">string</span>) {
            <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> lettersRegexp.test(s);
        }
    }
}
</code></pre>
<h5 id="zipcodevalidatorts">ZipCodeValidator.ts</h5>
<pre><code class="lang-ts"><span class="hljs-comment">/// &lt;reference path=&quot;Validation.ts&quot; /&gt;</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">namespace</span> Validation {
    <span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> numberRegexp = <span class="hljs-regexp">/^[0-9]+$/</span>;
    <span class="hljs-keyword">export</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> ZipCodeValidator <span class="hljs-keyword">implements</span> StringValidator {
        isAcceptable(s: <span class="hljs-built_in">string</span>) {
            <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> s.length === <span class="hljs-number">5</span> &amp;&amp; numberRegexp.test(s);
        }
    }
}
</code></pre>
<h5 id="testts">Test.ts</h5>
<pre><code class="lang-ts"><span class="hljs-comment">/// &lt;reference path=&quot;Validation.ts&quot; /&gt;</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">/// &lt;reference path=&quot;LettersOnlyValidator.ts&quot; /&gt;</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">/// &lt;reference path=&quot;ZipCodeValidator.ts&quot; /&gt;</span>

<span class="hljs-comment">// Some samples to try</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> strings = [<span class="hljs-string">&quot;Hello&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;98052&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;101&quot;</span>];

<span class="hljs-comment">// Validators to use</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> validators: { [s: <span class="hljs-built_in">string</span>]: Validation.StringValidator; } = {};
validators[<span class="hljs-string">&quot;ZIP code&quot;</span>] = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Validation.ZipCodeValidator();
validators[<span class="hljs-string">&quot;Letters only&quot;</span>] = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Validation.LettersOnlyValidator();

<span class="hljs-comment">// Show whether each string passed each validator</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> (<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> s of strings) {
    <span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> (<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> name <span class="hljs-keyword">in</span> validators) {
        <span class="hljs-built_in">console</span>.log(<span class="hljs-string">`&quot;<span class="hljs-subst">${ s }</span>&quot; - <span class="hljs-subst">${ validators[name].isAcceptable(s) ? &quot;matches&quot; : &quot;does not match&quot; }</span> <span class="hljs-subst">${ name }</span>`</span>);
    }
}
</code></pre>
<p>&#x5F53;&#x6D89;&#x53CA;&#x5230;&#x591A;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x65F6;&#xFF0C;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x5FC5;&#x987B;&#x786E;&#x4FDD;&#x6240;&#x6709;&#x7F16;&#x8BD1;&#x540E;&#x7684;&#x4EE3;&#x7801;&#x90FD;&#x88AB;&#x52A0;&#x8F7D;&#x4E86;&#x3002;
&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x6709;&#x4E24;&#x79CD;&#x65B9;&#x5F0F;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x7B2C;&#x4E00;&#x79CD;&#x65B9;&#x5F0F;&#xFF0C;&#x628A;&#x6240;&#x6709;&#x7684;&#x8F93;&#x5165;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x7F16;&#x8BD1;&#x4E3A;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x8F93;&#x51FA;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#xFF0C;&#x9700;&#x8981;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;<code>--outFile</code>&#x6807;&#x8BB0;&#xFF1A;</p>
<pre><code class="lang-Shell">tsc --outFile sample.js Test.ts
</code></pre>
<p>&#x7F16;&#x8BD1;&#x5668;&#x4F1A;&#x6839;&#x636E;&#x6E90;&#x7801;&#x91CC;&#x7684;&#x5F15;&#x7528;&#x6807;&#x7B7E;&#x81EA;&#x52A8;&#x5730;&#x5BF9;&#x8F93;&#x51FA;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x6392;&#x5E8F;&#x3002;&#x4F60;&#x4E5F;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x5355;&#x72EC;&#x5730;&#x6307;&#x5B9A;&#x6BCF;&#x4E2A;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x3002;</p>
<pre><code class="lang-Shell">tsc --outFile sample.js Validation.ts LettersOnlyValidator.ts ZipCodeValidator.ts Test.ts
</code></pre>
<p>&#x7B2C;&#x4E8C;&#x79CD;&#x65B9;&#x5F0F;&#xFF0C;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x7F16;&#x8BD1;&#x6BCF;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#xFF08;&#x9ED8;&#x8BA4;&#x65B9;&#x5F0F;&#xFF09;&#xFF0C;&#x90A3;&#x4E48;&#x6BCF;&#x4E2A;&#x6E90;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x90FD;&#x4F1A;&#x5BF9;&#x5E94;&#x751F;&#x6210;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;JavaScript&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x3002;
&#x7136;&#x540E;&#xFF0C;&#x5728;&#x9875;&#x9762;&#x4E0A;&#x901A;&#x8FC7;<code>&lt;script&gt;</code>&#x6807;&#x7B7E;&#x628A;&#x6240;&#x6709;&#x751F;&#x6210;&#x7684;JavaScript&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x6309;&#x6B63;&#x786E;&#x7684;&#x987A;&#x5E8F;&#x5F15;&#x8FDB;&#x6765;&#xFF0C;&#x6BD4;&#x5982;&#xFF1A;</p>
<h5 id="mytestpagehtml-excerpt">MyTestPage.html (excerpt)</h5>
<pre><code class="lang-html">    <span class="hljs-tag">&lt;<span class="hljs-name">script</span> <span class="hljs-attr">src</span>=<span class="hljs-string">&quot;Validation.js&quot;</span> <span class="hljs-attr">type</span>=<span class="hljs-string">&quot;text/javascript&quot;</span> /&gt;</span><span class="handlebars"><span class="xml">
    <span class="hljs-tag">&lt;<span class="hljs-name">script</span> <span class="hljs-attr">src</span>=<span class="hljs-string">&quot;LettersOnlyValidator.js&quot;</span> <span class="hljs-attr">type</span>=<span class="hljs-string">&quot;text/javascript&quot;</span> /&gt;</span><span class="handlebars"><span class="xml">
    <span class="hljs-tag">&lt;<span class="hljs-name">script</span> <span class="hljs-attr">src</span>=<span class="hljs-string">&quot;ZipCodeValidator.js&quot;</span> <span class="hljs-attr">type</span>=<span class="hljs-string">&quot;text/javascript&quot;</span> /&gt;</span><span class="handlebars"><span class="xml">
    <span class="hljs-tag">&lt;<span class="hljs-name">script</span> <span class="hljs-attr">src</span>=<span class="hljs-string">&quot;Test.js&quot;</span> <span class="hljs-attr">type</span>=<span class="hljs-string">&quot;text/javascript&quot;</span> /&gt;</span><span class="undefined">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></code></pre>
<h1 id="&#x522B;&#x540D;">&#x522B;&#x540D;</h1>
<p>&#x53E6;&#x4E00;&#x79CD;&#x7B80;&#x5316;&#x547D;&#x540D;&#x7A7A;&#x95F4;&#x64CD;&#x4F5C;&#x7684;&#x65B9;&#x6CD5;&#x662F;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;<code>import q = x.y.z</code>&#x7ED9;&#x5E38;&#x7528;&#x7684;&#x5BF9;&#x8C61;&#x8D77;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x77ED;&#x7684;&#x540D;&#x5B57;&#x3002;
&#x4E0D;&#x8981;&#x4E0E;&#x7528;&#x6765;&#x52A0;&#x8F7D;&#x6A21;&#x5757;&#x7684;<code>import x = require(&apos;name&apos;)</code>&#x8BED;&#x6CD5;&#x5F04;&#x6DF7;&#x4E86;&#xFF0C;&#x8FD9;&#x91CC;&#x7684;&#x8BED;&#x6CD5;&#x662F;&#x4E3A;&#x6307;&#x5B9A;&#x7684;&#x7B26;&#x53F7;&#x521B;&#x5EFA;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x522B;&#x540D;&#x3002;
&#x4F60;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x7528;&#x8FD9;&#x79CD;&#x65B9;&#x6CD5;&#x4E3A;&#x4EFB;&#x610F;&#x6807;&#x8BC6;&#x7B26;&#x521B;&#x5EFA;&#x522B;&#x540D;&#xFF0C;&#x4E5F;&#x5305;&#x62EC;&#x5BFC;&#x5165;&#x7684;&#x6A21;&#x5757;&#x4E2D;&#x7684;&#x5BF9;&#x8C61;&#x3002;</p>
<pre><code class="lang-ts"><span class="hljs-keyword">namespace</span> Shapes {
    <span class="hljs-keyword">export</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">namespace</span> Polygons {
        <span class="hljs-keyword">export</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> Triangle { }
        <span class="hljs-keyword">export</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> Square { }
    }
}

<span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> polygons = Shapes.Polygons;
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> sq = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> polygons.Square(); <span class="hljs-comment">// Same as &quot;new Shapes.Polygons.Square()&quot;</span>
</code></pre>
<p>&#x6CE8;&#x610F;&#xFF0C;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x5E76;&#x6CA1;&#x6709;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;<code>require</code>&#x5173;&#x952E;&#x5B57;&#xFF0C;&#x800C;&#x662F;&#x76F4;&#x63A5;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x5BFC;&#x5165;&#x7B26;&#x53F7;&#x7684;&#x9650;&#x5B9A;&#x540D;&#x8D4B;&#x503C;&#x3002;
&#x8FD9;&#x4E0E;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;<code>var</code>&#x76F8;&#x4F3C;&#xFF0C;&#x4F46;&#x5B83;&#x8FD8;&#x9002;&#x7528;&#x4E8E;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#x548C;&#x5BFC;&#x5165;&#x7684;&#x5177;&#x6709;&#x547D;&#x540D;&#x7A7A;&#x95F4;&#x542B;&#x4E49;&#x7684;&#x7B26;&#x53F7;&#x3002;
&#x91CD;&#x8981;&#x7684;&#x662F;&#xFF0C;&#x5BF9;&#x4E8E;&#x503C;&#x6765;&#x8BB2;&#xFF0C;<code>import</code>&#x4F1A;&#x751F;&#x6210;&#x4E0E;&#x539F;&#x59CB;&#x7B26;&#x53F7;&#x4E0D;&#x540C;&#x7684;&#x5F15;&#x7528;&#xFF0C;&#x6240;&#x4EE5;&#x6539;&#x53D8;&#x522B;&#x540D;&#x7684;<code>var</code>&#x503C;&#x5E76;&#x4E0D;&#x4F1A;&#x5F71;&#x54CD;&#x539F;&#x59CB;&#x53D8;&#x91CF;&#x7684;&#x503C;&#x3002;</p>
<h1 id="&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x5176;&#x5B83;&#x7684;javascript&#x5E93;">&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x5176;&#x5B83;&#x7684;JavaScript&#x5E93;</h1>
<p>&#x4E3A;&#x4E86;&#x63CF;&#x8FF0;&#x4E0D;&#x662F;&#x7528;TypeScript&#x7F16;&#x5199;&#x7684;&#x7C7B;&#x5E93;&#x7684;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#xFF0C;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x9700;&#x8981;&#x58F0;&#x660E;&#x7C7B;&#x5E93;&#x5BFC;&#x51FA;&#x7684;API&#x3002;
&#x7531;&#x4E8E;&#x5927;&#x90E8;&#x5206;&#x7A0B;&#x5E8F;&#x5E93;&#x53EA;&#x63D0;&#x4F9B;&#x5C11;&#x6570;&#x7684;&#x9876;&#x7EA7;&#x5BF9;&#x8C61;&#xFF0C;&#x547D;&#x540D;&#x7A7A;&#x95F4;&#x662F;&#x7528;&#x6765;&#x8868;&#x793A;&#x5B83;&#x4EEC;&#x7684;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x597D;&#x529E;&#x6CD5;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x79F0;&#x5176;&#x4E3A;&#x58F0;&#x660E;&#x662F;&#x56E0;&#x4E3A;&#x5B83;&#x4E0D;&#x662F;&#x5916;&#x90E8;&#x7A0B;&#x5E8F;&#x7684;&#x5177;&#x4F53;&#x5B9E;&#x73B0;&#x3002;
&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x901A;&#x5E38;&#x5728;<code>.d.ts</code>&#x91CC;&#x5199;&#x8FD9;&#x4E9B;&#x58F0;&#x660E;&#x3002;
&#x5982;&#x679C;&#x4F60;&#x719F;&#x6089;C/C++&#xFF0C;&#x4F60;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x628A;&#x5B83;&#x4EEC;&#x5F53;&#x505A;<code>.h</code>&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x3002;
&#x8BA9;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x770B;&#x4E00;&#x4E9B;&#x4F8B;&#x5B50;&#x3002;</p>
<h2 id="&#x5916;&#x90E8;&#x547D;&#x540D;&#x7A7A;&#x95F4;">&#x5916;&#x90E8;&#x547D;&#x540D;&#x7A7A;&#x95F4;</h2>
<p>&#x6D41;&#x884C;&#x7684;&#x7A0B;&#x5E8F;&#x5E93;D3&#x5728;&#x5168;&#x5C40;&#x5BF9;&#x8C61;<code>d3</code>&#x91CC;&#x5B9A;&#x4E49;&#x5B83;&#x7684;&#x529F;&#x80FD;&#x3002;
&#x56E0;&#x4E3A;&#x8FD9;&#x4E2A;&#x5E93;&#x901A;&#x8FC7;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;<code>&lt;script&gt;</code>&#x6807;&#x7B7E;&#x52A0;&#x8F7D;&#xFF08;&#x4E0D;&#x662F;&#x901A;&#x8FC7;&#x6A21;&#x5757;&#x52A0;&#x8F7D;&#x5668;&#xFF09;&#xFF0C;&#x5B83;&#x7684;&#x58F0;&#x660E;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x5185;&#x90E8;&#x6A21;&#x5757;&#x6765;&#x5B9A;&#x4E49;&#x5B83;&#x7684;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#x3002;
&#x4E3A;&#x4E86;&#x8BA9;TypeScript&#x7F16;&#x8BD1;&#x5668;&#x8BC6;&#x522B;&#x5B83;&#x7684;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#xFF0C;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x5916;&#x90E8;&#x547D;&#x540D;&#x7A7A;&#x95F4;&#x58F0;&#x660E;&#x3002;
&#x6BD4;&#x5982;&#xFF0C;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x50CF;&#x4E0B;&#x9762;&#x8FD9;&#x6837;&#x5199;&#xFF1A;</p>
<h5 id="d3dts-&#x90E8;&#x5206;&#x6458;&#x5F55;">D3.d.ts (&#x90E8;&#x5206;&#x6458;&#x5F55;)</h5>
<pre><code class="lang-ts"><span class="hljs-keyword">declare</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">namespace</span> D3 {
    <span class="hljs-keyword">export</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">interface</span> Selectors {
        select: {
            (selector: <span class="hljs-built_in">string</span>): Selection;
            (element: EventTarget): Selection;
        };
    }

    <span class="hljs-keyword">export</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">interface</span> Event {
        x: <span class="hljs-built_in">number</span>;
        y: <span class="hljs-built_in">number</span>;
    }

    <span class="hljs-keyword">export</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">interface</span> Base <span class="hljs-keyword">extends</span> Selectors {
        event: Event;
    }
}

<span class="hljs-keyword">declare</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">var</span> d3: D3.Base;
</code></pre>

                                
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